Spanish Refugee Relief Association Records, 1935-1957
Summary Information
At a Glance
- Call No.:
- MS#1181
- Bib ID:
- 4079355 View CLIO record
- Creator(s):
- Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign
- Repository:
- Rare Book and Manuscript Library
- Physical Description:
- 168 linear feet (337 document boxes and 6 flat boxes)
- Language(s):
- English .
- Access:
- You will need to make an appointment in advance to use this collection material in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library reading room. You can schedule an appointment once you've submitted your request through your Special Collections Research Account.
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Boxes 1-5 and Flatboxes 433-438 of the collection are located on-site.
Boxes 6-337 of the collection are located off-site. You will need to request this material at least three business days in advance to use the collection in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library reading room.
This collection has no restrictions.
Description
Scope and Contents
Records of the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy and Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy, two New York City-based American organizations working to raise funds and provide medical and humanitarian aid for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), and to refugees who fled Spain after the defeat of the Republican forces in April 1939. The organizations formally merged in January 1938 and became known as the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign. These files include the organization's official reports, correspondence, pamphlets, broadsides, photographs, and publicity material, as well as several scrapbooks of news clippings.
A splinter group departed from the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign in March of 1940 to form the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee. The records of that group are not included in this collection. They are located in the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives at New York University.
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Series I: Cataloged correspondence
Series I contains correspondence and manuscripts from celebrities and other prominent individuals active in the Spanish Civil War and refugee relief. Individuals with particularly extensive materials in this series include Albert Einstein, Harold Ickes, Rockwell Kent, Archibald MacLeish, and Upton Sinclair.
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Series III: Organization minutes and reports, 1936-1941, undated
Series III contains meeting minutes and reports related to organizational governance, primarily focusing on the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign's Executive Board, which was chaired by Roger Nash Baldwin of the American Civil Liberties Union. There are also reports from the organization's accounting firm's monthly financial audits dating from March 1937 through January 1939. In addition to routine governance and organizational strategy, the records in this series document the impact of the the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee's March 1940 departure from the organization following a conference in Mexico City earlier that month.
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Series VII: Negro Peoples' Committee, 1938-1939
Records related to the Negro People's Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, a group affiliated with the Medical Bureau and North American Committee, the aim of which was to raise funds and support for Republican Spain in Black communities in the United States. The impetus for the Negro People's Committee's founding appears to have been Paul Robeson's donation of an ambulance to the Medical Bureau. Robeson was subsequently appointed International Chairman, with Lester Granger as National Chairman. Executive committee members and sponsors included many prominent African American activists, artists, educators, and writers of the day, including Mary McLeod Bethune, A. Philip Randolph, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Reverend A. Clayton Powell, and Richard Wright.
The bulk of the records in Series VII were created or maintained by Thyra Edwards, the committee's Field Representative. Edwards coordinated and traveled alongside an ambulance tour through Black communities in the United States, and organized other fundraising events, primarily in New York City.
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This series contains records of the Social Workers Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, an affiliated group of social workers primarily interested in Spanish children's welfare during the Spanish Civil War. They raised funds for children's homes and schools for children displaced and orphaned by the war, and sent social workers from the United States to supervise their operation. One such social worker, Constance Kyle, visited the United States on a brief speaking and fundraising tour in 1938, after which she returned to Spain. Records of this tour and other events are located in this series.
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Series XIV: Purchasing Department, Personnel, and Financial Records, 1936-1940
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Series XV: Photographs, 1931-1956, bulk 1937-1939
The photographs in Series XV include images of events and materials gathered in New York City for shipment to Spain—ambulances, clothing, powdered and canned milk—by the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign, as well as photographs sent to the organization from Spain and France. Many of the photographs sent from abroad are captioned in English, Spanish, or French. They are also often stamped by their distributor or approval agency. These include the Servicio Español de Información/Spanish Information Bureau, Comissaria General d'Ordre Públic Cabinet de Censura, Ministerio de Estado Censura de Prensa Extranjera, the French Délégation de Propagande, the Centrale Sanitaire Internationale Service d'Information et de Propagande, and the photographer Robert Capa. Photographs in Boxes 335-337 were kept by the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee and generally date from later than the contents of boxes 169-176.
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Series XVI: Publicity, Printed Material, Clippings, and Scrapbooks
Arrangement
This collection is arranged in 16 series, largely following the files' assigned groupings when they were kept in drawers of filing cabinets at the offices of the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign. Most series are arranged in alphabetical order.
- Series I: Cataloged correspondence
- Series II: General office files
- Series III: Organization minutes and reports, 1936-1941, undated
- Series IV: Affairs
- Series V: Embargo files
- Series VI: Musicians' Committee
- Series VII: Negro Peoples' Committee, 1938-1939
- Series VIII: Organizations
- Series IX: Universities and Colleges
- Series X: Correspondence and Mailings
- Subseries X.1: Foreign correspondence
- Subseries X.2: Chapter correspondence
- Subseries X.3: Chapter mailings
- Series XI: Social Workers
- Series XII: Tours
- Series XIII: American Relief Ship
- Series XIV: Purchasing Department, Personnel, and Financial Records, 1936-1940
- Subseries XIV.1: Purchasing Department and Personnel, 1936-1940
- Subseries XIV.2: Financial records and bills, 1936-1940
- Series XV: Photographs, 1931-1956, bulk 1937-1939
- Series XVI: Publicity, Printed Material, Clippings, and Scrapbooks
Using the Collection
Restrictions on Access
You will need to make an appointment in advance to use this collection material in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library reading room. You can schedule an appointment once you've submitted your request through your Special Collections Research Account.
Boxes 1-5 and Flatboxes 433-438 of the collection are located on-site.
Boxes 6-337 of the collection are located off-site. You will need to request this material at least three business days in advance to use the collection in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library reading room.
This collection has no restrictions.
Terms Governing Use and Reproduction
Reproductions may be made for research purposes. The RBML maintains ownership of the physical material only. Copyright remains with the creator and his/her heirs. The responsibility to secure copyright permission rests with the patron.
Researchers must wear gloves when handling photographs.
Preferred Citation
Identification of specific item; Date (if known); Spanish Refugee Relief Association records; Box and Folder; Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Library.
Related Materials
Edward K. Barsky Papers: Personal papers of Edward K. Barsky, a leader of the Medical Bureau and subsequently the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee, who served in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade as a medical doctor. At New York University.
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee Records: A small collection of the JAFRC's records following its split from the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign in 1940 until its dissolution in 1955. At New York University.
Fredericka Martin Papers: Papers of Fredericka "Freddie" Martin, chief nurse and administrator of the American medical volunteers who served during the Spanish Civil War. The collection also includes documentation collected by Martin about the role of medical volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. At New York University.
Mildred Rackley Simon Papers: Personal papers of an American Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy secretary/interpreter and hospital administrator who served in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. At New York University.
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Records: Records of the group of Americans who traveled to Spain to serve in the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War and remained organized following the war. Series I: Spanish Civil War Materials, 1933-1946 is especially relevant. At New York University.
Unitarian Service Committee Administrative Records, 1941-1957: Includes materials related to the HUAC investigation against the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee. At Harvard University.
International Rescue Committee records: Records of the organization with which the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign attempted to affiliate after 1940. At Stanford University.
Accruals
Materials may have been added to the collection since this finding aid was prepared. Contact rbml@columbia.edu for more information.
Alternate Form Available
Pearl S. Buck letter and telegram is on: microfilm.
W.H. Auden letters are on: microfilm.
General Office Files: Picasso Tour is on: microfilm.
Ownership and Custodial History
Gift through Herman Reissig, Executive Secretary of the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign, 1942.
Gift of the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 1979.
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Source of acquisition--Reissig, Herman, executive secretary of the Spanish Relief Campaign. Method of acquisition--Gift; Date of acquisition--1942. Accession number--M-42.
About the Finding Aid / Processing Information
Columbia University Libraries, Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Processing Information
Cataloged Christina Hilton Fenn 09/--/89.
PDF finding aid converted to EAD by Celeste Brewer in March 2020. Additional physical reprocessing work was conducted by Celeste Brewer beginning in November 2022 and is ongoing as of March 2023. Revised container lists and series-level notes will be uploaded as reprocessing work on each series is completed.
A small amount of intellectual re-processing work also took place at the same time the finding aid was converted to EAD, in order to better comply with current DACS rules. The intellectual arrangement of the collection was altered from 23 groupings of materials differentiated by letters (Parts A-W) to 16 series. Parts J, K, and L were combined to form one series of correspondence and mailings, Series X. Parts P and Q were combined to form one series of purchasing, personnel, and financial records, Series XIV. Finally, Parts S, T, and U were combined to form one series of publicity, printed material, clippings, and scrapbooks, Series XVI. The addition to the collection, Part V, and the oversize components of the collection, Part W, were also described alongside other materials of the same format.
During reprocessing, box numbering was revised to a single sequence. A concordance between old and new box numbers is available upon request. Part W is in RBML's Flat Boxes range, thus its box numbers remain unchanged (Flat Boxes 433-438).
During physical reprocessing, all boxes and folders were replaced, damaged or fragile photographs were placed in polyester sleeves, and brittle documents were photocopied as needed for preservation. Some materials were shifted between boxes to relieve over- or under-filling.
Revision Description
2022-12-13 PDF finding aid replaced with EAD by CLB.
Historical note
This collection contains the records of the New York City-based North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy (NAC) and the Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy (MB), known after April 1939 as the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign (SRRC). The NAC and MB were active in the United States (and to a lesser extent, Canada and Mexico) on behalf of the democratically elected Spanish Republican government during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The two organizations formally merged in January 1938. After the Nationalist victory in 1939, the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy (MBNAC) changed its mission to providing humanitarian aid to the half million Republican refugees who had fled Spain and were housed in camps in southern France. The organization's name changed as well, to the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign (SRRC).
The United States government followed an official policy of non-intervention during the Spanish Civil War. The 1935 Neutrality Act prohibited trading or supplying military aid to any party in a war, and a 1937 Congressional joint resolution explicitly prohibited trading arms with Spain. Non-interventionist laws did not, however, apply to organizations offering humanitarian aid to civilians affected by military conflict. This provided official justification for the operations of organizations concerned with the Spanish Civil War in the United States, even as they lobbied the Roosevelt administration and rallied public support for lifting the arms trade embargo and intervening in the war.
The North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, directed by Methodist bishop Francis J. McConnell and Congregationalist minister Herman F. Reissig, was founded in October 1936 in New York City. The Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy was also founded in 1936. Its leader was Dr. Edward K. Barsky, a New York City surgeon and member of the Communist Party USA. Following their official merger in January 1938, Roger Nash Baldwin of the American Civil Liberties Union chaired their executive board. The two organizations' aims were similar: to provide funds and needed medical supplies, including ambulances, to the Spanish Republican cause. Both before and after their merger, the MB and NAC also collaborated with other politically liberal and leftist groups who saw the Spanish Civil War as a critical front in the global fight against Fascism.
Neither the NAC nor the MB officially encouraged Americans to enlist in the war as combatants. The Americans who did do so became known as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. However, in January 1937, the MB did send a ship of medical workers and hospital supplies to Spain to assist the Republican Medical Service. This team, led by Edward K. Barsky himself, was considered part of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.
While the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy were based in New York City, their organizing efforts were national in scope. Local chapters existed across the United States. From 1937 to 1939, the MB and NAC organized events, published appeals to readers of local and national publications, and coordinated with other organizations with anti-Fascist principles to raise funds and public awareness on behalf of the Spanish Republican war effort. Affiliated and sympathetic organizations included labor unions, social workers, religious groups influenced by Progressivism and the Social Gospel, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, and others associated with the anti-Fascist Popular Front.
Among the organization's major events were the Village Fair, a carnival fundraiser held annually from 1938 through 1940 in Greenwich Village, featuring performances, midway games, and an outdoor beer hall. A mass meeting to pressure the United States government to lift the embargo on the sale of arms to Republican Spain took place at Madison Square Garden in 1938. The Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign also coordinated the first North American exhibition of Picasso's mural Guernica (1936) and associated studies at the Valentine Gallery in New York City in May 1939 as a fundraiser for refugee relief.
The defeat of Republican Spain in April 1939 led to conflict within the coalition that had made up the Medical Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. Disputes erupted over whether communist refugees from Spain were being subjected to neglect by the organization's non-communist leaders, or favoritism by its communist rank and file. A March 1940 international conference in Mexico City of organizations working on behalf of Spanish refugees provided the backdrop for the departure of the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign's communist members. This group re-formed as the Joint Anti-Fascist Relief Committee, with Barsky again among its leaders. The remaining members of the Spanish Refugee Relief Association attempted to ally themselves with Varian Fry's Emergency Rescue Committee. However, in addition to its ongoing financial problems, the Spanish Refugee Relief Association's efforts were further hampered by an investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee.
From 1948 to 1965, Reissig worked as director of international relations for the Congregational Christian Council for Social Action in New York City. Barsky was held in of Contempt of Congress for refusing to turn over the records of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee to HUAC in 1946.
Subject Headings
The subject headings listed below are found in this collection. Links below allow searches for other collections at Columbia University, through CLIO, the catalog for Columbia University Libraries, and through ArchiveGRID, a catalog that allows users to search the holdings of multiple research libraries and archives.
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